马家塔露天矿区复垦土壤质量变化

以神东公司马家塔露天矿为例,选择土壤有机质、全N、有效P、速效K、pH值、含水率、紧实度、容重和EC9项指标对复垦土壤质量进行了综合评价。研究采用相关系数法确定指标权重,以隶属度函数对指标进行标准化处理,最后采用指数和法评定土壤质量。在研究区划分了5个复垦年限,并且在复垦5a的土地上采集了6种不同植被类型的土壤样品,分5个层次分别进行评价土壤质量。结果显示:随着复垦年限的增加表层土壤质量不断提高,并且表层高于下层;复垦后种植不同植被土壤质量差异较大,种植牧草、杨树较好,耕地和针叶树较差。     

Chemical and organic immobilization treatments for reducing phytoavailability of heavy metals in copper‐mine tailings

This study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of diammonium phosphate (DAP), agricultural limestone (lime), and green‐waste compost mixed with 30% treated sewage sludge (GCS) applied alone or in combination as chemical immobilization treatment using tomato as a test crop. Mine waste was collected from an abandoned copper‐mine tailing site at Mynydd Parys, Anglesey (UK). Lime was applied at the rate of CaCO₃ equivalent (CCE, pH = 7), DAP at the rate of 23 g P per kg substrate, and 10% by weight, GCS as sole application. Half rate of each amendment was also tested as a combined treatment and an untreated substrate (control). Plant‐available metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb, and Zn) were measured in substrate with conventional diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) and sequential Ca(NO₃)₂ extraction. Plant–dry biomass yield was significantly (p < 0.001) increased by the combined application of all the three amendments while sole application of DAP reduced yield by 4‐fold compared to unamended soil probably due to P toxicity. Addition of lime reduced the DTPA‐extractable Cu, Fe, and Zn by 75%, 81%, and 85%, respectively, while Pb availability was reduced by 88% in combined DAP + lime + GCS treatment compared to control. The extraction capacity of DTPA was higher than that of Ca(NO₃)₂ by 3‐fold for Cu and Fe, 8‐fold for Pb, and 2‐fold for Zn. The leaf‐tissue concentrations of Cu and Fe were reduced by 77% and 83% in the lime + GCS amendment, respectively, while both Pb and Zn were reduced by 89% and 33%, respectively, in substrate treated with the combined application of all three amendments. These results suggest that alkaline amendments (both lime and GCS) were effective in reducing the phytoavailability of Cu, Fe, and Zn while DAP mixed with either GCS or lime was effective in reducing Pb availability.     

金属矿山水土流失防治中植物措施的特殊作用

金属矿山在开采过程中对矿区及周围的生态环境造成了较为严重的重金属污染.因此,在金属矿区开展重金属污染治理对于减轻重金属危害、确保农作物安全生产、保障人民健康,具有长远而重大的意义.笔者就植物措施在金属矿山水土流失防治中的特殊作用作一简要概括,对金属矿山植物措施防治水土流失的现状、植物修复技术的特点、超富集植物的筛选方法及筛选成果、影响植物措施在金属矿山水土流失防治中发挥特殊作用的因素等作了介绍,以期能为金属矿山的生态环境治理提供参考.     

矿山开采水土流失现状与治理措施

为减少矿产资源开采过程中造成的水土流失,掌握矿区水土流失规律,探索矿区恢复治理模式,在分析矿山开采水土流失概况及其原因的基础上,总结相应的工程措施、植物措施、土地整治和复耕措施等治理措施,同时提出治理过程中严格执行"三同时"的原则.     

煤矿复垦区重构土壤溶解性有机碳空间分布特征

为探究煤矿复垦区重构土壤中溶解性有机碳(DOC)含量的空间分布特征,以淮南潘一矿区煤矸石山和周边复垦区林地土壤为研究对象,从空间分布和颗粒组成上,分析了煤矸石山山顶、山腰和山脚的煤矸石风化物及周边林地土壤中DOC的含量。结果表明:自上而下山顶、山腰、山脚的煤矸石风化物中DOC含量呈递减趋势,并随采样深度的增加而增大;但林地土壤中DOC含量随采样深度的增加而减少。不同粒径颗粒物中DOC含量分布不同,煤矸石风化物和林地土壤均以细砂(0.2~0.05 mm)DOC含量最高,石砾(10~2 mm)DOC含量最低。在雨水淋溶作用下,煤矸石风化物对周边土壤DOC含量贡献较大,距离山脚1~100 m范围,随着距离的增加,土壤中DOC含量由325.46 mg/kg减少至177.89 mg/kg,煤矸石风化物对周边土壤DOC含量的贡献率由85.78%降低到1.54%,在距离山脚100 m处土壤中DOC含量已接近正常对照土壤含量。     

抗重金属植物根际细菌的植物促生长特征以及它们对黑芥种子萌发的影响

Phytoremediation is an emerging technology that uses plants and their associated microbes to clean up pollutants from the soil, water, and air. In order to select the plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria(PGPR) for phytoremediation of heavy metal contamination, 60 bacterial strains were isolated from the rhizosphere of two endemic plants, Prosopis laevigata and Spharealcea angustifolia, in a heavy metal-contaminated zone in Mexico. These rhizobacterial strains were characterized for the growth at different pH and salinity, extracellular enzyme production, solubilization of phosphate, heavy metal resistance, and plant growth-promoting(PGP) traits, including production of siderophores and indol-3-acetic acid(IAA). Overall, the obtained rhizobacteria presented multiple PGP traits. These rhizobacteria were also resistant to high levels of heavy metals(including As as a metalloid)(up to 480 mmol L(-1)As(V), 24 mmol L(-1)Pb(Ⅱ), 21 mmol L(-1)Cu(Ⅱ), and 4.5 mmol L(-1)Zn(Ⅱ)). Seven rhizobacterial strains with the best PGP traits were identified as members of Alcaligenes, Bacillus, Curtobacterium, and Microbacterium, and were selected for further bioassay.The inoculation of Brassica nigra seeds with Microbacterium sp. CE3R2, Microbacterium sp. NE1R5, Curtobacterium sp. NM1R1,and Microbacterium sp. NM3E9 facilitated the root development; they significantly improved the B. nigra seed germination and root growth in the presence of heavy metals such as 2.2 mmol L(-1)Zn(Ⅱ). The rhizobacterial strains isolated in the present study had the potential to be used as efficient bioinoculants in phytorremediation of soils contaminated with multiple heavy metals.     

黄土区大型露天矿排土场水力侵蚀计算与防治

以黄土区安太堡露天矿未复垦排土场为对象,研究未复垦排土场平台水力侵蚀(沟蚀)状况,通过实地外业采样和内业数据处理,结合数据统计分析平台,计算出了研究区内的沟蚀量分布情况,并分析了平台汇水面、土壤容重、坡度与沟蚀模数的关系,估算研究区水力侵蚀造成的直接经济损失,提出排土场平台复垦和水土流失防治措施。结果表明:(1)研究区水力侵蚀严重,总体沟蚀模数相当于自然地貌土壤侵蚀模数的6.8倍,其中平台汇水面对沟蚀模数的影响巨大;(2)排土场平台表层土壤压实,40cm以内土层压实最为严重,深层土壤土质较疏松;(3)排土场平台坡度和坡长在一定程度上可以反映出土壤侵蚀的高低,在水土流失防治措施中应予考虑。在平台复垦和土壤侵蚀防治中应采用减少平台汇水面积、增大地表水入渗能力和提高植被覆盖度的措施为主,本研究成果可为排土场复垦和水土流失防治提供参考。     

不同建植技术对露天煤矿排土场生态修复效果的影响及评价

为解决矿区排土场生态修复难和生态修复成本高的问题,提出了一种新的穴铺建植技术对排土场进行生态修复,并于2012—2015年期间选择4种建植技术对永顺煤炭有限公司矿区排土场开展生态修复工作。基于修复后（2015年）的植被生长状况和土壤改良效果,并通过对比分析的手段,对不同建植技术的生态修复效果进行了评价。结果表明:穴铺植生袋建植法（A）、旱梯田坡面建植法（B）、旱坡植生袋建植法（C）和沙柳围护建植法（D）4种不同建植技术中,在植被覆盖度方面表现为A（85%） > C（80%） > B（73%） > D（63%） > E（7%,裸地）;土壤容重方面表现为A（1.21 g/cm³） < C（1.27 g/cm³） < B（1.31 g/cm³） < D（1.43 g/cm³） < E（1.52 g/cm³）;土壤侵蚀模数方面表现为A[3 630 t/（km²·a）] < C[6 350 t/（km²·a）] < B[7 860 t/（km²·a）] < D[15 730 t/（km²·a）] < E[26 000 t/（km²·a）],均表明A技术在植被生长状况和土壤质地改良方面效果显著,有效解决了试验区人工建植植物群落稳定性差和水土流失量大等问题,成功完成了试验区的生态修复。穴铺植生袋建植技术在矿区排土场或类似区域的生态修复工程实践中具有良好的借鉴和参考作用。     

大冶龙角山矿区农田土壤重金属形态分布及其来源

为研究大冶龙角山矿区某溪流段沿岸农田土壤基本理化性质和重金属分布情况,采用Tessier五步连续提取法提取并测定土壤中Mn、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Ni和Cd 7种重金属的形态与含量,并分析了重金属含量与土壤Fe和S含量之间的相关性。结果表明:所有重金属在大部分取样点总含量均超出湖北省土壤背景值;Cu和Cd总含量超过土壤环境质量三级标准(GB 15618—1995)限值,Zn、Pb、Cr和Ni符合土壤环境质量二级标准;Mn、Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni和Cd均以残渣态和铁锰氧化物结合态为主,Pb、Cr和Cd存在一定比例的可交换态。矿山矿石组分主要为黄铁矿和黄铜矿,且Mn、Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd的铁锰氧化物结合态、残渣态以及总含量的分布均与土壤Fe和S含量分布表现出较好的正相关关系,表明硫化物矿物开采引发了重金属Mn、Cu、Pb、Zn和Cd在该矿区农田土壤中的累积与污染。     

不同恢复年限弃渣场入渗特征研究与评价

为分析弃渣场入渗性能及其植被恢复效应,采用野外双环入渗和主成分分析方法,分析和评价不同恢复年限弃渣场入渗特征。结果表明:(1)弃渣场恢复年限2个月(P1),2a(P2),4a(P3)和桑树林地(P4)的初始入渗率依次为11.32,9.34,15.84,19.38mm/min,稳定入渗率为4.64,3.62,6.71,7.81mm/min;桑树林地的稳定入渗率为3个弃渣场的1.68,2.16,1.16倍;(2)Kastiakov模型的拟合效果优于通用经验模型、Philip模型和Horton模型,其决定系数为0.905~0.956;(3)入渗特征值与土壤容重,20~5mm,5~2mm颗粒含量呈显著负相关(p0.05),与非毛管孔隙度、有机质含量和2~0.075 mm颗粒含量呈显著(p0.05)或极显著(p0.01)正相关;(4)主成分分析评价的土壤入渗能力排序依次为P4(2.398)P3(0.792)P1(-1.104)P2(-2.089);随着恢复年限的增加,弃渣场入渗性能得到较好的改善且接近桑树林地。